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1.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 142(11): 1431-1439, nov. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-734879

ABSTRACT

Background: The relative importance of congenital malformations as a cause of death in the first year of life is increasing along with the control of preventable causes of perinatal mortality. Aim: To identify risk factors for congenital malformations. Patients and Methods: Retrospective case-control study of births registered in the database of The Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC), in the period 2001-2010. Results: Birth weight and gestational age were significantly lower in cases than controls, behaving as risk factors and associated with a greater severity of congenital malformations. The risk and severity of congenital malformations increased along with mother’s age. Fetal growth retardation, a history of congenital malformations in the family, physical factors and acute illnesses of the mother in the first trimester of pregnancy were also significant risk factors for congenital malformations and their severity. The educational level of the mother was a protective factor for congenital malformations and their severity. Conclusions: Variables previously identified as risk factors for congenital malformations, were significantly related with the occurrence of congenital malformations and their severity.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Pregnancy , Congenital Abnormalities/etiology , Birth Weight , Case-Control Studies , Chile , Educational Status , Epidemiologic Methods , Gestational Age , Maternal Age , Paternal Age , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors
2.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 51(2): 115-125, abr. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-682330

ABSTRACT

Botulinum neurotoxin is widely used to treat a variety of movement disorders, especially dystonia and spasticity. There botúlica different preparations of botulinum type A, that because biologics are difficult to compare. AbobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport ®) has recently been introduced in Chile for treating dystonia and spasticity. The aim of this paper is to provide a review by experts on the existing evidence and propose a practical guide to the use of the drug. Methods and Results: A group of Chilean experts met on 6 and 7 July 2012 to review AbobotulinumtoxinA doses along with injection protocols for dystonia, spasticity and other movement disorders. We worked in two groups, one composed of neurologists who reviewed the on dystonias and other by physiatrists who reviewed the indications for spasticity. Conclusions: Finally, there is a proposal in terms of dose, injection points and recommendations for dystonia and spasticity...


La neurotoxina botulínica es ampliamente usada para tratar una variedad de trastornos del movimiento, especialmente la distonía y la espasticidad. Existen diferentes preparados de toxina botúlica tipo A, que por ser productos biológicos resultan difícilmente comparables. La abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport®) ha sido introducida en Chile recientemente para el tratamiento de la distonía y la espasticidad. El objetivo de este trabajo es entregar una revisión hecha por expertos sobre la evidencia existente y plantear una guía práctica para el uso del medicamento. Métodos y Resultados: Un grupo de expertos chilenos se reunieron el 6 y 7 julio de 2012 para revisar las dosis abobotulinumtoxin A, junto con los protocolos de inyección para la distonía, la espasticidad y otros trastornos del movimiento. Se trabajó en dos grupos, uno compuesto por neurólogos que revisaron las indicaciones en distonías y otro por fisiatras que revisaron las indicaciones para espasticidad. Conclusiones: Finalmente, se realiza una propuesta en cuanto a dosis, puntos a inyectar y recomendaciones para la distonia y espasticidad...


Subject(s)
Humans , Dystonia/drug therapy , Muscle Spasticity/drug therapy , Neuromuscular Agents/administration & dosage , Botulinum Toxins, Type A/administration & dosage , Chile , Consensus , Evidence-Based Medicine , Neuromuscular Agents/adverse effects , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Botulinum Toxins, Type A/adverse effects
3.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 28(1): 35-39, feb. 2011. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-583020

ABSTRACT

Las infecciones bacteriémicas son más frecuentes en el paciente cirrótico que en la población general. Se identificaron retrospectivamente 59 pacientes cirróticos con bacteriemia, hospitalizados entre los años 2005 y 2008. La bacteriemia sin foco fue la más frecuente (29 por ciento), seguida de aquellas de origen pulmonar (22 por ciento). Cincuenta y dos por ciento de los agentes aislados correspondieron a cocáceas grampositivas y 48 por ciento a bacilos gramnegativos, siendo estos últimos los agentes predominantes en las bacteriemias nosocomiales. Los principales agentes aislados fueron Staphylococcns aureus (24 por ciento) y Escherichia col i (22 por ciento). La mortalidad de los pacientes cirróticos bacteriémicos fue mayor que la del total de cirróticos hospitalizados (37 vs 9,4 por ciento; p < 0,001) y la medición del puntaje de MELD a las 72 horas se correlacionó significativamente con la mortalidad. Conclusión: La bacteriemia es una complicación grave del paciente cirrótico y el MELD podría ser útil en su categorización de riesgo.


Bacteremic infections are more frequent in patients with cirrhosis, as their immune system is compromised. Series of cirrhotic patients with bacteremia has seldom been reported in Chile. We retrospectively collected, from 2005 to 2008, 59 episodes of bacteremia in cirrhotics representing 9 percent of the overall number of bacteremic episodes seen in our center in the period. Spontaneous bacteremia accounted for 29 percent followed by those of pulmonary origin (22 percent). Grampositive cocci and gramnegative bacilli were responsible in 52 percent and 48 percent respectively, however gramnegative rods predominated in nosocomial bacteremias. Overall, the most frequent organisms were Staphylococcus aureus (24 percent) and Escherichia col i (22 percent). Mortality in bacteremic patients was significantly higher compared with all cirrhotic patients hospitalized in the period (37.0 vs 9.4 percent; p < 0.001) and MELD score was significantly correlated with mortality. Conclusion: bacteremia is a severe complication of cirrhosis and MELD score could be a useful tool to stratify risk in these patients.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Bacteremia/etiology , Liver Cirrhosis/complications , Bacteremia/mortality , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/etiology , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/mortality , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/etiology , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/mortality , Liver Cirrhosis/mortality , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index
5.
Rev. chil. med. intensiv ; 25(1): 15-22, 2010. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-669730

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes: Existe evidencia que avala la utilidad de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva (VMNI) en el manejo de la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda (IRA), no obstante, la definición de variables que permitan predecir el éxito o fracaso de este recurso terapéutico es controversial. Objetivo: Evaluar el comportamiento de parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio en relación con el éxito o fracaso de la VMNI en pacientes con IRA. Metodología: Estudio prospectivo de cohorte descriptivo que incluye pacientes consecutivos que cumplieron con criterios de conexión a VMNI e ingresaron a la UPC de Clínica Alemana de Santiago entre marzo de 2005 y julio de 2007. Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos, aquellos que fracasan con VMNI y requirieron intubación, grupo fracaso (GF) y los que no la requirieron, grupo éxito (GE). Se registraron variables demográficas, APACHE II, diagnóstico de ingreso. La mecánica respiratoria, gasometría arterial y hemodinámica se obtuvieron en tres momentos de la evolución evolución: previo a la conexión, a las dos horas y al término del uso de VMNI (preintubación y destete de VMNI). Resultados: De los 132 pacientes incluidos se logró evitar la intubación en 99 de ellos (75 por ciento), 33 fueron intubados (25 por ciento), de los cuales 1 falleció. El pH fue menor en el GF (7,42+/-0,06 v/s 7,39+/-0,08; p =0,04). La saturación de oxígeno por pulsioximetría (SpO2) también fue menor en el GF tanto a las dos horas (96+/-2 v/s 95+/-3; p=0,01) como al final del uso de VMNI (96+/-2 v/s 95+/-3; p =0,04). La PaO2/FiO2 fue menor en el mismo grupo, en los tres momentos de medición: previo a la conexión (196+/-66 v/s 144+/-59; p =0,001), a las dos horas (223+/-92 v/s 179+/-88;p =0,022) y al término del uso de VMNI (252+/-78 v/s 208+/-104; p =0,021). Al final del uso de VMNI, tanto la frecuencia cardiaca (FC) (86+/-16 v/s 94+/-20; p =0,03) como el nivel de IPAP (12+/-2 v/s 13+/-3; p =0,02) fueron mayores en el GF. Conclusiones: El GF muestra..


Background: There is evidence supporting the benefits of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in the treatment of acute respiratory failure (ARF), however, the role of different variables in the evaluation of this technique’s success are controversial. Objective: To evaluate the performance of the different clinical parameters and relate them with the success and failure of NIV in patients with ARF. Methodology: Prospective study of descriptive cohort that includes consecutive patients who fulfilled criteria of connection to NIV and entered to the ICU (Intensive Care Unit)of Clínica Alemana de Santiago between March of 2005 to July 2007. These patients were divided into two groups, those presenting failure with NIV and required intubation, failure group (GF) and those that did not require it, success sgroup (GE). The demographic registered variables measured were APACHE II, diagnosis of entrance were registered. The respiratory mechanics, arterial gasometry and haemodynamics were obtained at three moments of the evolution: previous to the connection, the two hours and at the end of the use of NIV (pre-intubation and weaning of NIV). Results: From the 132 patients included, intubation was avoided in 99 of them (75 percent) 33 percent were entubated from which only 1 died. The pH was lower in the FG (7.42 +/- 0.06v/s 7.39 +/- 0.08; p = 0.04). The oxygen saturation by pulsometry (SpO2), was also lower in the GF after two hours (96+/-2 v/s 95+/-3; p =0.01) and at the end of NIV use (96+/-2 v/s 95+/-3; p =0.04). The PaO2/FiO2 was lower in the same group, at the three moments of measurement: previous to the connection (196+/-66 v/s 144+/-59; p =0.001), two hours post connection (223+/-92 v/s 179+/-88; p =0.022) and at the end of the NIV use (252+/-78 v/s 208+/-104; p =0.021). At the end of the NIV use both, the cardiac frequency (FC) (86+/-16 v/s94+/-20; p =0.03) and the IPAP level (12+/-2 v/s 13+/-3; p=0.02)...


Subject(s)
Humans , Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy , Respiration, Artificial/methods , Acute Disease , Blood Gas Analysis , Intensive Care Units , Oxygen/analysis , Prospective Studies , Reference Values
6.
Rev. chil. radiol ; 16(3): 121-127, 2010. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-577502

ABSTRACT

En el carcinoma prostático la arquitectura glandular es reemplazada por células cancerosas, produciendo barreras al movimiento del agua, que pueden ser estudiadas con resonancia magnética potenciada en difusión. Para evaluar el aporte de estas secuencias en el estudio de la próstata, realizamos estudio descriptivo e inferencia!, utilizando difusión en 26 pacientes con tacto rectal anormal y antígeno prostático elevado. Se analizó sensibilidad, especificidad y curvas ROC basadas en coeficiente aparente de difusión (CAD). Se realizó biopsia prostática en 14 pacientes; 7 resultaron positivos. Con CAD <1000 um2/s, se encontraron altas sensibilidades con bajas especificidades y valores predictivos moderados. Incorporando T2 mejoraron: certeza diagnóstica, especificidad y valores predictivos. Al comparar los valores CAD en zonas con y sin cáncer, obtuvimos diferencias para CAD promedio y mínimo. Las curvas ROC mostraron áreas elevadas y significativas, sugiriéndose valores de corte de 1059 um2/s y 969 um2/s entre "normales" y con cáncer; LR(+) para valores de corte: 6,97 y 5,23 respectivamente. Nuestros resultados permiten proponer que se obtiene mayor ganancia diagnóstica en la interpretación conjunta de imágenes T2 y secuencias de difusión y que CAD permite diferenciar entre tejido normal y cáncer, por lo que se debiera incorporar en el estudio prostático.


In prostatic carcinoma, the glandular architecture is replaced by cancer cells producing barriers to water motion, anomaly that can be studied through diffusion-enhanced MRI technique. To assess the contribution of these sequences in the prostate cancer exploration, we conducted a descriptive and inferential study using diffusion-enhanced MRI technique in 26 patients with abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) and increased prostate specific antigen (PSA) values. We analyzed sensitivity, specificity and ROC curves based on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Seven out of 14 biopsies were positive in patients undergoing prostate biopsy. When applying ADC <1000 _m2/se, high sensitivity with low specificity levels, as well as moderate predictive values were obtained. By incorporating T2-weighted images, improved diagnostic accuracy, specificity and predictive values were achieved. When comparing ADC values in tissues with and without cancer, average and minimum ADC appeared to exhibit different values. ROC curves depicted increased and significant values, suggesting cutoff values of 1059 um2/s and 969/um2/s for healthy and malignant tissues, respectively; LR (+) for cut-off value: 6.97 and 5.23, respectively. Our results enable us to propose that improved diagnostic outcomes are attained through combined interpretation of T2-weighted images and diffusion-weighted sequences and that the ADC permits discrimination between normal and malignant tissues. Therefore, we strongly support that these criteria should be taken into account when performing prostate explorations.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Carcinoma/diagnosis , Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis , ROC Curve , Prospective Studies , Predictive Value of Tests , Reference Values
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